敦煌绿洲夏季典型晴天地表福射和能量平衡及小气候特征

利用“我国西北干旱区陆－气相互作用试验”加强期（IOP）在甘肃省敦煌录洲观测的资料,系统地分析了夏季典型晴天敦煌地表辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征及小气候特征,结果发现：敦煌绿洲总辐射特别大,其峰值高达1038．1w.m^-2,地表净辐射也高于其它地区,白天能超过600w.m^-2,在地表能量分配中,感热,潜热和地热流量的日积分值的量级相当,白天地热流量比潜热要大,几乎与感染相当;地表反照率除中乖比较接近荒漠戈壁的值外,其它时候均明显比荒漠戈壁的值小：B比在白天1－2之间,比一般灌溉地区要大,地表能量不平衡差额较大,这可能与水平热能量的影响有很大关系,另外,还首次发现了比较可观的下沉气流,部分证实了绿洲与荒漠之间存在的热力环流。     

青藏东缘岷江上游亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中物种多样性动态

通过对不同林龄(10～70年)的人工云杉(Picea asperata)林及自然恢复的桦木(Betula utilis var. sinensis)林和天然原始冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林的调查研究,采用Margalef指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou的均匀度指数、Hurlbert均匀度指数等多样性指数及物种数、个体数和盖度分析了群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层及总体的物种多样性,结果发现1)人工云杉林的物种多样性随着林龄的增加逐渐上升,林冠郁闭前后上升最快,在50～70年间下降;其中乔木层物种多样性先上升,郁闭后下降;灌木层物种多样性郁闭前下降,郁闭后骤然上升,后来缓慢下降;草本层物种多样性在早期阶段很高,随着郁闭度的增大而下降,郁闭后又缓慢回升.2)均匀度的变化幅度不大,变化的趋势基本上与物种多样性相反. 3)次生桦木林与同林龄的人工云杉林及天然原始林相比,原始冷杉林的物种丰富度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层优势度(Simpson指数和MacIntosh指数)和多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数)最高,灌木层均匀度最低;人工云杉林的物种丰富度、优势度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层多样性最低,但灌木层的均匀度和多样性最高. 4)物种多样性的变化与群落盖度特别是乔木层盖度呈负相关,影响人工云杉林物种多样性恢复的主要因素是其乔木层的盖度过大. 5)人工云杉林的物种多样性不仅低于同龄的自然恢复的桦木林,远远低于天然原始林,而且经过70年的发育,灌木层和草本层的盖度很低,水土保持和水源涵养的生态效益很差.迫切需要调整人工云杉林的群落结构,以恢复其生物多样性,增强其生态效益的发挥.建议在人工云杉林郁闭以后,采取适当的人工干扰如间伐等,降低乔木层的盖度,以促进林下灌草层的发育,既可增强水土保持功能,又可加速物种多样性的恢复.     

Size-related deterioration of semi-natural grassland fragments in Sweden

Abstract. One of the most dramatic landscape changes during the 20th century in Sweden, like in most of Europe, has been the reduction and fragmentation of semi-natural grasslands. Using a set of remnant semi-natural grasslands, chosen to be as similar as possible, but differing in size, we have examined whether size of remnant fragments of traditionally managed semi-natural grasslands in Sweden is related to patterns of species richness and composition. We focused on edge-to-interior relationships, since we expected that a possible impact from invasive habitat generalists would be manifested in a gradient from the edge of fragments to their interior. We found no relationship between size of grassland fragments and (a) overall species richness, (b) species richness at different spatial scales, and (c) abundance of some typical invader species or species characteristic of semi-natural grasslands. However, the results indicated that larger grasslands have a comparatively larger number of species in the edges, whereas the opposite pattern was found in smaller grasslands. The similarity in species composition between the edge and the interior of the pastures also increased with grassland size. Thus, even though the overall species richness is still unaffected by reduction in grassland fragment size, the edges of smaller grasslands show signs of degradation, i.e. reduction in species richness and a decreased similarity to the grassland interior. We suggest that these kinds of effects may be early signs of fragmentation effects that in the future will result in species loss even if the present distribution of semi-natural grasslands is maintained.     

农田-荒地边缘地带中蝗虫边缘反应分析

探讨了中华蚱蜢等10种蝗总科昆虫对农田－荒地的边缘反应。研究发现,就同一边缘而言,有些物种的多度在靠近边缘时上升,而有些物种则下降。从科的水平上分析的结果与物种水平上的分析有差异。为了更精确地了解边缘对蝗虫的分布格局的影响,从物种水平上对其进行分析是 很有必要的。     

Tropical forest fragmentation and nest predation – an experimental study in an Eastern Arc montane forest, Tanzania

When a habitat becomes fragmented and surrounded by another habitat this generally causes an increase in predation pressure at habitat transitions, often referred to as an edge effect. Edge effect in the form of enhanced nest predation intensities is one of the most cited explanations for bird population declines in fragmented landscapes. Here, we report results from a nest predation experiment conducted in a tropical montane forest landscape in the Uzungwa Mts., Tanzania. Using artificial nests with chicken eggs, we determined predation rates across a fragmentation gradient. The proportion of indigenous forest in four landscapes used in the study were 0.29, 0.58, 0.75 to 1.0. Nest predation intensities on artificial nests were about 19% higher inside intact forest than at edges in fragmented forest landscapes. Furthermore, predation intensities were relatively constant across a forest fragmentation gradient. Our results thus challenge the applicability and generality of the edge effect, derived from studies almost exclusively conducted in temperate regions rather than tropical forest ecosystems. Nest predation levels differences between tropical montane forest and that reported in other forest ecosystems are discussed.     

Guild‐level responses by mammalian predators to afforestation and subsequent restoration in a formerly treeless peatland landscape

Afforestation of formerly open landscapes can transform mammalian predator communities, potentially impacting prey species like ground‐nesting birds. In Scotland's Flow Country, a globally important peatland containing many forestry plantations, earlier studies found reduced densities of breeding waders on open bogs, when forestry plantations were present within 700 m. One plausible explanation for this pattern is mammalian predation. We tested whether mammalian predator indices, based on scats (feces), differed between (1) open bog, forestry plantations, and former plantations being restored as bog (“restoration” habitats); (2) restoration habitats of different ages; and (3) open bogs with differing amounts of nearby forestry. We measured summer scat density and size over 14 years in 26 transects 0.6–4.5 km in length, collecting data during 93, 96, and 79 transect‐years in bog, forestry, and restoration habitats respectively. In forestry, scat density increased eightfold, reaching values ~6 times higher than those of bogs. On open bogs with over 10% forestry within 700 m, scat densities were 2.9 times higher than on open bogs with less forestry nearby. Results support the hypothesis that mammalian predators might be responsible for the low densities of breeding waders close to forests, on adjacent open bogs. In restoration habitats, scat densities rose 6–10 years after felling but fell to levels similar to open bogs in older restoration habitats, supporting restoration management as a means of reducing mammalian predator activity/abundance. We urge caution around decisions to establish forestry plantations in open landscapes of high biodiversity importance.     

绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能分析──以张掖绿洲为例

通过分析张掖绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能,发现其种群结构单一、产业结构不甚合理、空间结构脆弱,决定了绿洲功能较差,产投比低下的特点,并据此从可持续发展的角度提出了改善绿洲农业生态经济系统结构、提高其功能的对策与建议.     

绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能分析以张掖绿洲为例

通过分析张掖绿洲农业生态经济系统的结构与功能,发现其种群结构单一、产业结构不甚合理、空间结构脆弱,决定了绿洲功能较差,产投比低下的特点,并据此从可持续发展的角度提出了改善绿洲农业生态经济系统结构、提高其功能的对策与建议